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QUIPS Tool: Risk of Bias in Prognostic Factor Studies

Rate prognostic factor studies across the six QUIPS domains, see a suggested overall rating, and download traffic light and summary plots.

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Domains and how to use them
  1. D1: Study participationWhether the sample represents the population of interest and participation was adequate.
  2. D2: Study attritionLoss to follow-up and whether those lost differ from those who stayed.
  3. D3: Prognostic factor measurementClear definition and valid, reliable, similar measurement of the prognostic factor.
  4. D4: Outcome measurementClear definition and valid, reliable, similar measurement of the outcome.
  5. D5: Study confoundingWhether important confounders were measured and accounted for.
  6. D6: Statistical analysis and reportingAppropriate analysis, adequate reporting and no selective reporting of results.

Answer the signalling questions in the official tool, then record your judgements here: Hayden et al. 2013, Annals of Internal Medicine (QUIPS).

StudyD1D2D3D4D5D6Overall

Your entries are saved in this browser only. Nothing is uploaded.

QUIPS has no official overall rule. The suggestion uses Grooten et al. (2019): low if all domains are low or at most one is moderate; high if any domain is high or three or more are moderate; otherwise moderate. State the rule you use in your methods.

Summary plot

Traffic light plot

StudyD1D2D3D4D5D6OverallExample study 1+++−+++Example study 2−−++−+×Example study 3+×++−+×Example study 4−+−+++−D1: Study participationD2: Study attritionD3: Prognostic factor measurementD4: Outcome measurementD5: Study confoundingD6: Statistical analysis and reporting+Low−Moderate×High

Summary plot

D1. Study participation50%50%D2. Study attrition50%25%25%D3. Prognostic factor measurement75%25%D4. Outcome measurement75%25%D5. Study confounding50%50%D6. Statistical analysis and reporting100%Overall25%25%50%0%25%50%75%100%LowModerateHigh
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How to Use the QUIPS Tool

  1. 1

    Answer the official signalling questions

    Use the linked tool document for each study or result.

  2. 2

    Record your judgements

    One row per study, one column per domain; the overall judgement is suggested for you.

  3. 3

    Download the figures

    Traffic light and summary plots as PNG or SVG, plus a CSV of your table.

What is the QUIPS tool?

QUIPS (Quality In Prognosis Studies) assesses risk of bias in studies of prognostic factors across six domains: study participation, study attrition, prognostic factor measurement, outcome measurement, study confounding, and statistical analysis and reporting. Each is rated low, moderate or high.

QUIPS does not define how to combine domains into an overall rating. The suggestion here follows published criteria from Grooten et al. (2019); you can override it and should state your rule in the methods.

How it is calculated

Sources

QUIPS Tool: FAQ

Is there an official QUIPS overall score?

No. Summed scores are discouraged; if you need an overall rating, pre-specify the rule and apply it consistently.

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